| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Stress amplitude | 應力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重復變化應力的一個循環中最大和最小應力之間代數差的一半。 |
| Critical temperature | 臨界溫度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果壓力恒定，則與臨界點同義。（2） 高于該溫度時，氣相不能通過壓力升高而冷凝為液體。 |
| Ablation cooling | 燒蝕冷卻 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷卻暴露于非常高的外部氣體溫度的表面，導致表面材料升華、熔化或分解?；瘜W過程吸收熱量，而遠離表面的物質的質量流阻擋了來自熱氣體的熱通量。 |
| Hard temper | 硬化回火 |
Same as full hard temper. 和全硬化回火一樣。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m3) | 比重（γ）（單位：N/m3） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物質單位體積的重量：W是物質體積的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Screw compressor | 螺桿壓縮機 |
A positive-displacement rotary compressor in which gas is progressively compressed by two intermeshing, counter-rotating, helical screws. 一種容積式旋轉壓縮機，其中氣體由兩個相互嚙合、反向旋轉的螺旋螺桿逐漸壓縮。 |
| Two-phase flow | 兩相流 |
A flow in which two phases are present, for example gas bubbles in a liquid, liquid bubbles in another liquid with which it is immiscible, solid particles in a liquid or gas. 兩相流動，例如液體中的氣泡、與之不混溶的另一種液體中的液體氣泡、液體或氣體中的固體顆粒。 |
| Bioenergy | 生物能源 |
1. Energy derived from materials such as purpose-grown energy crops, including sugar cane, maize, wheat, and rice, as well as wood, straw, and animal waste, including sewage, manure, and animal litter. 2. A term sometimes used to cover biomass and biofuels together. 1.來自特定種植的能源作物（包括甘蔗、玉米、小麥和大米）以及木材、稻草和動物糞便（包括污水、糞便和動物垃圾）等材料的能源。2.有時用于同時涵蓋生物質和生物燃料的術語。 |
| Fine pitch | 細牙螺紋 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 細螺距螺紋通常用于汽車行業。它們更容易被敲入較硬的材料中，并且不太容易松動。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩諾硬度試驗 |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一種已被淘汰的方法，通過測量將球形侵徹體壓入金屬至規定深度所需的載荷來確定壓痕硬度。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 機械能（單位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物體或機械系統的動能和勢能之和，包括儲存在彈簧等中的能量。 |
| Air conditioning | 空調 |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房間、建筑物、飛機、客運車輛等的溫度和濕度的過程。更一般地說，它包括控制灰塵、輻射熱水平等。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）連接在渦輪機或壓縮機軸上的圓盤，在其一側施加高壓或低壓，以抵消機器壓力變化產生的軸向推力。推力軸承的一種形式。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤頂 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一種起重裝置（千斤頂），由螺母和方形螺紋軸組成，其頂部為承重墊。螺母的旋轉可升高或降低襯墊。 |
| Electrode | 電極 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 電池或腐蝕電池中釋放電子（陽極）或吸引電子（陰極）的兩個金屬體。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸機器、機構、系統或裝置，測量其組成部分，并識別所用材料，以便在需要時可以生產出功能正常的復制品。 |
| Sample average | 樣本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 樣本中所有觀察值的總和除以樣本大小。它是總體平均值的點估計。也稱為算術平均值。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 熱力學過程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物質或系統所經歷的平衡狀態的變化。 |
| Atomic volume | 原子體積 |
Volume of unit cell per atom. 每個原子的晶胞體積。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內的任意定義的溫度。（轉變點）1.具有面心立方晶體結構的金屬合金的斷裂機制從韌性孔洞生長轉變為脆性解理的溫度。2.材料從一種晶體狀態轉變為另一種晶體的溫度。 |
| Fastener standard | 緊固件標準 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 詳細說明緊固件屬性的文件，包括幾何形狀、材料或化學、熱處理、表面處理、測試批量和包裝等特性。 |
| Overheating | 過熱 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 將金屬或合金加熱至其性能受損的高溫。當通過進一步熱處理、機械加工或加工與熱處理的組合無法恢復原始性能時，過熱稱為燃燒。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一種可以永久變形到大應變而不斷裂的材料。如果螺栓在斷裂前可以很好地拉伸超過其屈服點，則稱其具有延展性。 |
| Impact wrench | 沖擊扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一種氣動或電動扳手，使用小錘子多次敲擊來產生輸出扭矩以擰緊緊固件，用于通過在一系列快速脈沖中施加扭矩來擰緊或松開螺母。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通過將金屬浸入熱氧化鹽或鹽溶液中產生的黑色飾面。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在內部火焰中過量氧氣產生的氣體火焰。 |
| Rotary piston flow meter | 旋轉活塞流量計 |
A rotary liquid flow meter in which a cylindrical rotor, eccentrically mounted within a cylindrical casing, the axes of the two cylinders being parallel, is caused to rotate by the liquid flow. The flow rate is determined from the number of rotations of the rotor in a given time. 一種旋轉式液體流量計，其中偏心安裝在圓柱形外殼內的圓柱形轉子，兩個圓柱體的軸線平行，由液體流引起旋轉。流量由轉子在給定時間內的轉數確定。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動勢 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當一個結處于不同于另一個結的溫度時，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產生的電動勢。 |
| Thread form | 螺紋形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺紋的橫截面形狀，定義螺紋角度、齒根和齒冠輪廓等。螺紋長度：緊固件中包含全深度切割或軋制螺紋的部分的長度。 |
| Shell hardening | 殼型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，合適的鋼工件在加熱和淬火硬化后，會形成一層馬氏體層或殼，該層或殼緊隨工件的輪廓，并包圍一個基本上為珠光體相變產物的核心。這一結果通過截面尺寸、鋼淬透性和淬火強度之間的適當平衡來實現。 |
| System engineering | 系統工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一種將所有學科和專業組整合到團隊工作中的方法，形成從概念到生產再到運營的結構化開發過程。 |
| Fit | 裝配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用術語，用于表示配合零件設計中公差和公差的特定組合可能導致的緊密性范圍。 |
| Thermal stresses | 熱應力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均勻溫度分布引起的金屬應力。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 機械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通過固結（例如熱壓或擠壓）從粉末生產合金，然后進行熱和/或冷加工和最終退火。用這種方法可以制造彌散強化合金、高溫鋁合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Shear fracture | 剪切斷裂 |
A ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. Contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切應力作用下，晶體（或多晶塊）通過滑動或撕裂而分離的韌性斷裂。與解理斷裂形成對比。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 邊距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 軸承測試中邊緣距離與銷直徑的比值。 |
| Austenite | 奧氏體 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. Solid solution of alloying elements and/or carbon in γ-Fe. It is named after British metallurgist W. C. Roberts-Austen. 一種或多種元素在面心立方鐵中的固溶體。除非另有說明（如鎳奧氏體），溶質通常假定為碳。合金元素和/或碳在γ-Fe中的固溶體。它以英國冶金學家WCRoberts-Austen的名字命名。 |
| Shank | 螺桿 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓頭部下方的部分。1.一種工具的柄部，如拉刀、鉆頭、鉸刀或絲錐，可裝入夾具（如卡盤）中。鉚釘的桿或螺釘或螺栓的無螺紋部分。3.連接尖端和手柄的工具的軸。 |
| Expansion bolt | 膨脹螺栓 |
When a through bolt cannot be used for attaching a pipe hanger, bracket, or other part, to a wall or ceiling of brick or concrete, what are known as expansion bolts are often used. The body of an expansion bolt is divided and the arrangement is such that, when the head of the bolt is turned, the sections forming the body of the bolt are forced outward and against the wall of the hole which has been drilled into the brick, concrete, or stone, as the case may be. Bolts of this type are made in quite a variety of designs. The nominal size represents the diameter of the bolt proper and not the diameter of the casing or expansion member. 當不能使用貫穿螺栓將管道吊架、支架或其他部件連接到磚塊或混凝土的墻壁或天花板時，通常使用所謂的膨脹螺栓。膨脹螺栓的主體是分開的，其布置方式是，當螺栓頭轉動時，形成螺栓主體的部分被強制向外并靠在已鉆入磚、混凝土或石頭中的孔壁上，視情況而定。這種類型的螺栓有多種設計。標稱尺寸代表螺栓本身的直徑，而不是套管或膨脹構件的直徑。 |
| Strain | 拉緊 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物體的大小或形狀因力而變化的單位。也稱為標稱應變。 |
| Coalescence | 聚結 |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通過吸收以犧牲剩余為代價的晶粒的生長或以通過吸收或再沉淀為代價的以剩余為代價的相或顆粒的生長。 |
| Nipple | 噴嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一種包含止回閥的裝置，該止回閥擰入潤滑點，通過該潤滑點可以將潤滑脂引入，例如軸承中。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在應力集中點易發生脆性斷裂。例如，在缺口拉伸試驗中，如果缺口強度小于無缺口試樣的抗拉強度，則稱材料為缺口脆性材料。否則，稱其為缺口韌性。 |
| AISC | AISC |
The American Institute of Steel Construction. 美國鋼結構學會。 |
| Square thread | 方螺紋 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺紋的一種形式，螺紋的橫截面形成正方形，使螺紋的寬度等于螺紋之間的間距。 |
| Reproducibility | 再現性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一個術語，用于描述與從單個實驗室內和實驗室之間獲得的具體定義的方差分量相關的測試結果可變性。 |
| Radial engine | 徑向發動機 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 氣缸沿徑向圍繞曲軸布置的活塞式發動機，這種設計通常用于早期飛機發動機。 |
| Temper embrittlement | 回火脆化 |
Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature but only rarely produces a low value of reduction in area in a smooth-bar tension test of the embrittled material. The anomalous reduction in toughness of martensitic stainless steels when tempered in the range 370–600°C. Embrittlement of alloy steels caused by holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range just below the transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then cooling rapidly. 當某些鋼保持在低于轉變范圍的某一溫度范圍內或緩慢冷卻時產生的脆性。脆性表現為延性到脆性轉變溫度的向上移動，但在脆性材料的平滑棒材拉伸試驗中，很少產生較小的面積減小值。馬氏體不銹鋼在370–600°C范圍內回火時的韌性異常降低。合金鋼的脆化是由于在低于轉變范圍的溫度范圍內保持或緩慢冷卻而引起的。脆化是雜質（如砷、銻、磷和錫）在晶界處偏析的結果；它通常表現為韌脆轉變溫度的上升。回火脆化可以通過在臨界溫度范圍以上重新回火，然后快速冷卻來逆轉。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一種用于硬化可硬化鐵合金表面的工藝，其中使用強烈的火焰將表面層加熱到轉變溫度上限以上，然后立即對工件進行淬火。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（單位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 產生負推力的變槳距螺旋槳的槳距。 |
| Tangent screw | 微動螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于調整六分儀和游標卡尺等測量儀器的蝸桿。 |
| Initial preload | 初始預載 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 擰緊單個螺栓時產生的張力。通常會通過后續的裝配操作或在役負載和條件進行修改。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滾動摩擦系數 |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物體滾動表面的力與法向力之比。與滑動摩擦不同，滾動摩擦取決于接觸片的大小和滾動元件的半徑，其行為取決于接觸是彈性的、粘彈性的還是塑性的以及滯后損失。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結混合物。它們具有高熔點、韌性、抗壓強度和耐磨性。應用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當應用于機床時，有時稱為硬金屬。 |
| Screw | 螺釘 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一種螺紋緊固件，設計用于攻絲或未攻絲（如木螺釘）孔，但不與螺母配合使用。其螺紋被切割或卷成圓柱形或錐形柄，用于切割自身螺紋（如木螺釘）或嵌入螺紋孔。自攻螺釘（鈑金螺釘、自攻螺釘）具有足夠硬的螺紋，當打入薄板或部件中的孔時，它會在薄板或軟材料部件中切割內螺紋。螺釘頭是螺釘的一部分，用于向螺釘施加扭矩。常見的螺釘頭設計為橫截面為圓形，帶有直徑槽或十字，或為六邊形，并帶有十字或六邊形凹槽。螺紋是沿圓柱形或錐形體的外表面（外螺紋）或內表面（內螺紋）具有均勻截面的一個或多個連續螺旋槽。當螺紋橫截面旋轉并沿軸軸向前進時產生的三維形狀稱為螺旋面，螺紋投影到軸上時形成的角度稱為傾角。螺紋用于緊固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺釘；定位和測量儀器；在動力驅動中；在一些電氣配件中（愛迪生螺紋）；并安裝在曲軸端部，以抑制漏油（拋擲器螺紋）。在圓柱體上形成平行螺紋；圓錐上的錐形螺紋，通常具有1:16的錐形率。當順時針旋轉時，具有右手螺紋的螺釘似乎會遠離觀察者。所有標準螺釘、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺紋，但有時使用左手螺紋。相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為螺距或螺紋率，對于單個連續螺旋槽（單個起始螺紋），與螺母和螺栓頭之間的軸向間距（導程）在一周內的變化相同，每mm的螺紋形式數為螺距的倒數。對于相同的螺釘直徑，粗螺紋的每毫米螺紋數少于細螺紋。多頭螺紋（通常為粗螺紋，見下文）由兩個或多個沿其軸線同時延伸的相同螺紋組成，以提供更大的承載面積和更大的速比。根據螺紋的數量，起點之間的間隔為180°（雙起點）、120°（三起點）、90°（四起點）等。因此，在雙起始螺紋中，導程是螺距的兩倍；多起點螺紋中兩個相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為分割螺距。螺紋上的位置，即螺紋實體部分的側面和螺紋之間的空間之間的距離相等，即節點，其相關直徑稱為節徑。圖中顯示了螺紋的基本術語，其中一些與齒輪傳動的基本術語相同。在圓柱面上形成或切割的螺旋線，可沿軸線向右或向左前進。螺旋可以是單個或多個。 |
| Residual preload | 殘余預載荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加載螺栓連接中保持的張力。 |
| Strain aging | 應變時效 |
The changes in ductility, hardness, yield point, and tensile strength that occur when a metal or alloy that has been cold worked is stored for some time. In steel, strain aging is characterized by a loss of ductility and a corresponding increase in hardness, yield point, and tensile strength. 已冷加工的金屬或合金在儲存一段時間后發生的延展性、硬度、屈服點和抗拉強度的變化。在鋼中，應變時效的特點是延性損失，硬度、屈服點和抗拉強度相應增加。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化導致的系統、組件或結構失效。 |
| Valve | 閥門 |
Any of various manual or automatic devices that are able to initiate, regulate, or stop the flow of a fluid through a conduit or from a closed container. 任何一種手動或自動裝置，能夠啟動、調節或停止通過導管或封閉容器的流體流動。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度計測量彈性體、塑料和橡膠等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度儀測量直徑為1.1–1.4mm的硬化鋼棒（壓頭）在用校準彈簧快速施加的給定力下滲入試驗材料的深度。有兩種主要的壓頭設計：A型（適用于較軟的材料），其桿端為截頭35°錐形，逐漸變細至直徑0.79 mm；D型（較硬的材料），端部為30°錐形，尖端半徑為0.1mm。A型的彈簧力為8.05N，D型為44.45N。硬度值與滲透深度相關（最大限制為2.5mm），因此，對于零滲透，硬度為100，對于最大滲透，硬度是零。相關標準為ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所選材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纖維素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Volume flow rate | 體積流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m3/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （體積流量）（單位m3/s）單位時間內流經表面或管道或其他管道的材料體積，通常為流體或粉末。 |
| Combustible | 易燃 |
(inflammable) A term for substances that can be ignited and burned. （易燃）可點燃和燃燒的物質的術語。 |
| Valve plug | 閥塞 |
A conical or cylindrical plug, in which there are transverse holes, in a valve, such as a plug valve. Flow through the holes occurs when the plug is rotated. 閥門中的圓錐形或圓柱形閥塞，其中有橫向孔，如旋塞閥。旋轉閥塞時，會發生通過孔的流動 |
| Grub screw | 平頭螺絲 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一種短的無頭螺釘，一端有一個凹槽，用于安裝螺絲刀或鑰匙。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可鍛鑄鐵 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口鑄鐵一種通過長時間退火制成的鑄鐵，脫碳，石墨化，或兩者都發生，以消除部分或全部滲碳體。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脫碳是主要反應，產品將呈現出較輕的斷裂表面，“白心可鍛”。否則，斷裂表面將變暗，“黑心可鍛”。鐵素體可鍛性材料主要為鐵素體基體；根據熱處理和所需硬度，珠光體可鍛材料可能包含珠光體、球狀體或回火馬氏體。 |
| Repeatability | 重復性 |
A term used to refer to the test-result variability associated with a limited set of specifically defined sources of variability within a single laboratory. 一個術語，用于指與單個實驗室內一組有限的特定變異源相關的測試結果變異性。 |
| Steady pin | 定位銷 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑輪在其軸上轉動的銷釘、鍵或銷。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 應力差（單位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 ? σ3). 載荷體中最大和最小主應力之間的代數差，等于系統中最大剪應力的兩倍。由（σ1? σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一種非SI壓力單位，等于1毫米高的垂直水銀柱施加的壓力。大約等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效應 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金屬件的尺寸對其機械和其他性能以及對制造變量（如鍛造、壓下和熱處理）的影響。一般來說，尺寸越大，機械性能越低。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕變極限（單位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕變變形不超過規定限度的最大許用應力。 |
| Physical testing | 物理測試 |
Methods used to determine the entire range of physical properties of a material. In addition to density and thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, physical testing methods can be used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color, crystalline form, and melting point. 用于確定材料整個物理特性范圍的方法。除了密度和熱、電、磁特性外，物理測試方法還可用于評估簡單的基本物理特性，如顏色、結晶形式和熔點。 |
| Jack | 杰克裝置 |
A lifting device that exerts large forces over small displacements, achieved by mechanical gearing or hydraulics. 通過機械傳動或液壓裝置在小位移上施加大力的提升裝置。 |
| Second (s) | 秒（s） |
The SI base unit of time equal to 9 192 631 770 times the period of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. SI基時間單位等于9192631770倍的輻射周期，對應于銫-133原子基態的兩個超精細能級之間的躍遷。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服務器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一種真空操作的伺服電機，用于機動車中，以提供大于駕駛員能力的制動力。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 離心力（單位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 慣性反作用力對向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制單位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝國單位制）1824年英國度量衡法首次定義的已被淘汰的單位制。其三個基本單位為秒（時間）、碼（長度）和磅（質量）。容量的英制單位是加侖。隨后引入的許多相關單位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方碼、品脫和夸脫，用于液體和干燥容量測量（即體積）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短噸和長噸，以保證重量；磅達表示力；以分鐘和小時表示時間；華氏溫度；英國熱能單位。與帝國單位制密切相關的是美國習慣單位制?，F在，每個英制單位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）當量來定義的。 |
| Microstrain | 微應變 |
The strain over a gage length comparable to interatomic distances. These are the strains being averaged by the macrostrain measurement. Microstrain is not measurable by currently existing techniques. Variance of the microstrain distribution can, however, be measured by x-ray diffraction. 與原子間距離相當的標距上的應變。這些是通過宏觀應變測量得到的平均應變?，F有技術無法測量微應變。然而微應變分布的變化可以通過x射線衍射來測量。 |
| Spring temper | 彈簧回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度和硬度約為全硬回火到超彈性回火的三分之二。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許使用壓力（單位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何壓力系統可運行的最高壓力，通常比最大允許工作壓力低10%至20%。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接過程中熔化的連接金屬的微觀結構截面所顯示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起動閥（調節器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 將蒸汽從鍋爐送入蒸汽機汽缸的閥門。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜計 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一種干式流量計，其中有兩個或多個相互連接的腔室，每個腔室的壁上都有一個隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，氣體流速由隔膜的移動確定。隔膜流量計通常用于監測家用和商用燃氣供應。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均勻伸長 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸試驗中，在最大載荷下和頸縮開始之前的伸長率。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 萬向節（胡克接頭） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一種雙樞軸連接，允許動力和扭矩以一定角度在兩個軸之間傳遞。對于輸入磁軛的恒定驅動角速度，輸出磁軛的角速度根據軸的相交角度波動。當插入中間軸時，驅動軸和從動軸的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接頭），中間軸的兩端都有萬向節。主動軸和從動軸必須與中間軸傾斜相等，中間軸的兩個叉必須位于同一平面內。 |
| Planar anisotropy | 平面異向性 |
A variation in physical and/or mechanical properties with respect to direction within the plane of material in sheet form. 在片狀材料平面內，物理和/或機械性能相對于方向的變化。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 軸肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一種螺栓，其螺紋和頭部之間的無螺紋圓柱段的直徑大于螺紋段的直徑，精確加工至長度和直徑并硬化 |
| Gear pump | 齒輪泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in which fluid is pumped by meshing gears, one driven and the other an idler gear, on parallel axes within a closed casing. 一種容積式泵，其中流體由嚙合齒輪泵送，在封閉外殼內的平行軸上一個驅動，另一個為空套齒輪。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等變換 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等溫或等壓相變，其中相關的兩個相在整個過程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一種非SI壓力單位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的壓力。大約等于9.81Pa。 |
| Erosion | 侵蝕 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固體表面與流體、多組分流體或撞擊液體或固體顆粒之間的機械相互作用，原始材料從固體表面逐漸損失。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼裝置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 機動車輛上的一種轉向聯動裝置，在轉向點附近兩個車輪幾乎不會打滑。這是通過使內短軸（在轉彎曲線的內側）比外短軸移動更大的角度來實現的。 |
| Manometer | 壓力計 |
An instrument used in the measurement of a pressure difference in a fluid (manometry). 用于測量流體壓力差（測壓）的儀器。 |
| Teeth | 齒 |
The projecting elements on gears, cutting tools, etc. 齒輪、刀具等上的突出元件。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蝕性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相對運動和規定條件下，一個表面、顆粒或顆粒集合在被迫抵靠固體表面時趨向于引起磨粒磨損的程度。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪強度（單位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性發生之前或（b）斷裂之前能夠承受的最大剪切應力。 |
| Flattening test | 壓扁試驗 |
This term as applied to tubing refers to a method of testing a section of tubing by flattening it until the inside walls are parallel and separated by a given distanceusually equal to three times the wall thickness for seamless tubes and five times the wall thickness for lap-welded tubes. Boiler tubes subjected to this test should show no cracks or flaws. The flattening test applied to rivets, consists in flattening a rivet head while hot to a diameter equal to 21?2 times the diameter of the shank or body of the rivet. Good rivet steel must not crack at the edges of the flattened head. 該術語適用于管材，是指通過壓扁管材直至內壁平行并隔開給定距離（通常等于無縫鋼管壁厚的三倍，搭接焊管壁厚的五倍）來測試管材截面的方法。進行該試驗的鍋爐管應無裂紋或缺陷。適用于鉚釘的壓扁試驗包括在熱態下壓扁鉚釘頭，使其直徑等于鉚釘柄或鉚釘體直徑的21?2倍。良好的鉚釘鋼不得在扁平頭部邊緣開裂。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 銳缺口強度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半徑非常小（接近加工能力極限）的試樣測量的缺口抗拉強度；銳缺口強度值通常取決于缺口根部半徑。 |
| Damage mechanics | 損傷機制 |
The theory of degradation in bodies, particularly fracture by accumulated microstructural damage. Analyses take two approaches: (a) the use of some critical integrated function of stress and strain at which cracking is initiated and propagated; (b) incorporation of damage in the stress–strain curves to reflect weakened material. 物體退化理論，尤其是累積微觀結構損傷導致的斷裂。分析采用兩種方法：（a）使用裂紋開始和擴展時的應力和應變的一些臨界積分函數；（b）應力-應變曲線中包含損傷，以反映弱化材料。 |
| Morse taper | 莫氏錐度 |
A self holding, standard taper largely used on drilling tools, drilling machine spindles, and some lathes. 一種自持式標準錐度，主要用于鉆孔工具、鉆床主軸和一些車床。 |
| Pre-stress | 預應力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或結構承受操作載荷之前，將應力引入部件或結構。 |
| Compression member | 壓縮構件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一種結構部件，其上的主要載荷是壓縮的。 |
| U-bend | U形管 |
U-bend A 180° bend in a pipe. 180°彎曲的管道。 |
| Austenitic grain size | 奧氏體晶粒尺寸 |
The size attained by the grains of steel when heated to the austenitic region; may be revealed by appropriate etching of cross sections after cooling to room temperature. 當加熱到奧氏體區域時鋼晶粒達到的尺寸；冷卻至室溫后，可通過適當蝕刻橫截面來顯示。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸長力產生伸長的力或載荷。1.從兩端拉出的桿、帶、電纜、彈簧、線、線等的狀態。2.（張力）（單位N）與張力相關的力。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 熱容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX?where cMIN?is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX?the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 熱交換器分析中出現的無量綱參數，定義為比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流體的熱容率c，c值較小，cMAX是流體的值具有較大的c值。不同的流速和比熱值產生不同的c值。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通過固溶熱處理然后快速淬火對奧氏體鐵合金進行退火。 |
| Age hardening | 時效硬化 |
Raising the strength and hardness of an alloy by heating a supersaturated solid solution at a relatively low temperature to induce precipitation of a finely dispersed second phase. Also known as aging or precipitation hardening. Hardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working. 通過在相對較低的溫度下加熱過飽和固溶體以誘導細分散的第二相沉淀來提高合金的強度和硬度。也稱為時效或沉淀硬化。通常在快速冷卻或冷加工后。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接從滲碳作業中淬火滲碳零件。（2） 也用于直接從可鍛操作淬火珠光體可鍛零件。 |
| Fin neck carriage bolt | 翼頸圓頭方頸螺栓 |
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一種普通的圓形橢圓頭螺栓，有兩個相對的翼片以防止旋轉。 |
| Elongation measurement | 伸張率測量 |
Bolt elongation is directly proportional to axial stress when the applied stress is within the elastic range of the material. If both ends of a bolt are accessible, a micrometer measurement of bolt length made before and after the application of tension will ensure the required axial stress is applied. 當施加的應力在材料的彈性范圍內時，螺栓伸長率與軸向應力成正比。如果螺栓的兩端都可以接近，則在施加張力前后對螺栓長度進行測微計測量，以確保施加所需的軸向應力。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦機 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一種通過沖擊載荷測試彈簧的機器2.一種在使用前將螺旋彈簧壓縮至其最小實心長度以提高其使用壽命的機器，從而產生有利的殘余應力。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毀壞荷載（單位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足夠的塑性鉸鏈以發生坍塌，結構成為機制的施加載荷。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在斷裂前發生塑性變形的能力。通過拉伸試驗中的伸長率或面積減少量、杯突試驗中的杯突高度或彎曲試驗中的彎曲半徑或角度來測量。 |
| Quimby screw pump | 昆比螺桿泵 |
A screw pump with two meshing screws, each having a righthand and a left-hand screw. Liquid enters at either end and is discharged from the middle. 帶有兩個嚙合螺釘的螺桿泵，每個都有一個右旋螺紋和一個左旋螺紋。液體從兩端進入，從中間排出。 |
| Positive-displacement flow meter | 容積式流量計 |
An instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一種高精度儀器，通過將流動的流體分成連續的固定體積并測量其通過流量計的時間來確定體積流量。 |
| Rosette | 玫瑰形的結 |
Strain gages arranged to indicate, at a single position, strain in three different directions. 應變計布置成在單個位置指示三個不同方向的應變。 |
| Lathe | 車床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一種機床，其中夾持在主軸箱中的工件靠著切削工具旋轉，以生產車削、鉆孔、端面或螺紋部件。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面墊圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面為半球形的墊圈。與接觸面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。減少螺栓或螺柱中的彎曲應力，允許一些自對準，并對不平行的接頭表面或角度進行一些補償。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不銹鋼 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不銹鋼通常含有11-18%的鉻、3-10%的鎳、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的錳、硅、鋁、鉬、鈮和鈦。這些鋼可在固溶處理條件下供應，該條件易于制造或機加工，然后通過時效處理硬化，從而產生細小的第二相沉淀。它們有奧氏體、半奧氏體和馬氏體等級。用途包括彈簧、刀具和壓力容器。 |
| Scuffing | 擦傷 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘著磨損的一種形式，在摩擦表面上產生表面劃痕或高度拋光。通常在潤滑不足的零件上觀察到。 |
| Semiguided bend | 半導彎曲 |
The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge, or is supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free bend. 通過將力直接施加于待彎曲部分中的試樣而獲得的彎曲。將試樣固定在一端，并圍繞銷或圓邊施力，或者在靠近端部的位置支撐試樣，并通過施加在試樣與支撐件相對的一側以及兩者中間的力進行彎曲。在某些情況下，折彎以此方式開始，然后以自由折彎的方式結束。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大氣壓的壓力下進行退火。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合處關系圖 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 說明緊固件和連接件上的力和變形的數學圖。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力測試 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 為計算剪切模量、扭轉斷裂模量和剪切屈服強度而設計的試驗。 |
| Bearing area | 承載面積 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m2) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 軸承測試中銷（或孔）直徑和試樣厚度的乘積。（承載面）（單位m2）承載橫向載荷的孔（例如鉚釘孔）的投影面積。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨脹 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部載荷、壓縮、溫度變化、化學作用等引起的體積變化。 |
| Valve spring | 氣門彈簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在閥門打開后將其恢復到關閉位置的彈簧，也用于防止閥門反彈。 |
| Track rod | 橫拉桿 |
A bar connecting the ends of the steering arms in an automotive vehicle. 連接汽車轉向臂端部的桿。 |
| Rated load (Unit N) | 額定負荷（單位：N） |
The maximum load that a structure or component has been designed to carry. 結構或部件設計承受的最大荷載。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英熱單位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103?J. 一種已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量單位，定義為將68°F的一磅純水的溫度升高1°F所需的能量。轉換為SI為1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 計算機輔助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，計算機集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用計算機，不僅可以控制制造和組裝的機器和機器人，還可以進行工藝規劃，以及在生產過程中監控材料和組件的進度等。 |
| Guided-bend test | 導向彎曲試驗 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用沖頭（心軸）和底塊將試樣彎曲成一定形狀的試驗。 |
| Compression wave | 壓縮波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨脹波）在流體或固體中，壓縮介質傳播的行波或波前。 |
| Safe working load (Unit N) | 安全工作負荷（單位：N） |
The steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. It is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或結構設計用于正常運行的穩定或不穩定荷載。該值低于因屈曲、斷裂或屈服而導致失效的值，以適應不確定性、可能的故障或事故條件。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 總水頭（hT）（單位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT?= pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 總壓力pT以液體柱（通常為水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g為重力加速度，ρ為液體密度。 |
| Flange bolt | 法蘭螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在頭部下方帶有內置墊圈狀法蘭的螺栓。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余強度（單位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂紋、熱沖擊等引起的缺陷的受損體的強度。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧測頭 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一種大氣監測裝置，以電子方式測量熔爐或熔爐供應大氣中的氧分壓與外部空氣之間的差值。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金屬的脆性斷裂，斷裂位于形成金屬的晶?；蚓w之間。又稱晶間破裂。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 斷裂負荷（單位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某個點施加到導致斷裂的部件或結構的載荷。斷裂應力（斷裂強度）是構件斷裂時的平均應力，由斷裂載荷除以其作用的面積給出。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一種非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的回火，其特征是抗拉強度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之間。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺釘 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一個5毫米或更大的螺釘，其螺紋一直延伸到頭部，并與相鄰構件的螺紋孔或外加螺母嚙合,用于將兩個部件固定在一起，方法是將螺釘穿過一個部分的間隙孔，然后擰入另一個部分的螺紋孔。頭部可以是六角形、圓形、扁平形、圓角形或套筒形。 |
| Computational domain | 計算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他數值方法中，執行計算的區域或體積以及在其外圍指定邊界條件的區域或體積。 |
| Belt drive | 帶傳動 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通過穿過滑輪的連續平帶或帶齒柔性帶（帶）將運動從一根軸傳遞到另一根軸。與鏈條傳動相比，皮帶傳動往往用于低扭矩應用。由于普通傳動帶的拉伸可能會導致傳動松弛（皮帶蠕變）或主動或從動皮帶輪上的皮帶打滑（皮帶打滑），從而導致傳動功率降低。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波義耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在給定的絕對溫度T下，氣體的壓力p與其體積的乘積是恒定的。與查爾斯定律一起，它產生了理想的氣體方程p=Mrt，其中m是氣體的質量，R是特定的氣體常數。恒溫下氣體的體積與壓力成反比。這意味著隨著壓力的增加，氣體的體積會減少。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 適用于冷加工低碳鋼或中碳鋼的亞臨界退火處理。與最終退火相比，精加工退火是一種折衷處理，可降低殘余應力，從而最大限度地降低加工中的變形風險，同時保留冷加工對可加工性的大部分好處。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 壓縮應力（單位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某點的每單位面積的壓縮載荷。 |
| Die casting | 壓鑄 |
A process in which molten metal, particularly alloys of aluminium, magnesium, copper, and zinc, is forced under pressure (10 to 200 MPa) into a reusable hardened-steel mould machined into a die. 在壓力（10至200MPa）下將熔融金屬（特別是鋁、鎂、銅和鋅的合金）強制進入加工成模具的可重復使用的硬化鋼模具中的過程。 |
| Bearing failure | 軸承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 當橫向載荷除以承載面積產生導致永久塑性變形的應力時，鉚接或螺栓連接中發生的失效。 |
| Striation | 條紋組織 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一種疲勞斷裂特征，通常在電子顯微照片中觀察到，表明每次應力循環后裂紋前沿的位置。條紋之間的距離表示在一個應力循環期間裂紋前沿穿過該晶體的前進，垂直于條紋的線表示局部裂紋擴展的方向。 |
| Pitch diameter | 中徑 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 對于螺紋，指一個假想圓柱體的直徑，其表面將在使凹槽寬度和焊盤寬度等于螺距一半的點穿過螺紋。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亞共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現共晶的合金系統中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結構包含一些共晶結構。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，簡寫形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一個經驗公式，將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產生的預載荷聯系起來，主要取決于一個稱為螺母系數的實驗得出的系數。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里溫度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性轉變溫度，低于此溫度金屬或合金為鐵磁性，高于此溫度則為順磁性。 |
| Strain energy | 應變能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通過測量應力-應變圖下的面積確定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Ventilation | 通風系統 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房間、建筑物、乘用車或其他封閉空間中循環新鮮空氣的系統。 |
| Half hard | 半硬化回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about mid-way between that of dead soft and full hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度介于完全軟回火和完全硬回火之間。 |
| Composite property | 復合屬性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在熱力學中，根據封閉系統及其周圍環境的性質定義的性質，例如非流動火用函數。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄徑為ds≈d或ds>d的緊固件，或螺紋連接到頭部，或全螺紋螺柱。 |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強度的重復或波動應力下導致斷裂的現象。疲勞失效通常發生在靜態施加的載荷下，不會產生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進性的，從在波動應力作用下生長的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機或周期性變化載荷的部件和結構中，指強度逐漸降低，導致在低于單調載荷下導致失效的應力下發生失效的術語。可變負載由失衡的機械和其他振動源、陣風等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴展的結果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發生在應力集中點。在一段時間（通常是數百萬次應力循環）后，裂紋達到臨界長度，此時下一個峰值載荷會導致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發出的特征條紋或進展標記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| Fracture toughness | 斷裂韌性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂紋擴展阻力測量的通用術語。該術語有時僅限于斷裂力學試驗的結果，這些結果直接適用于斷裂控制。該術語通常包括非基于斷裂力學分析的切口或預裂紋試樣的簡單試驗結果?；谑褂媒涷灮蚺c斷裂力學試驗的經驗相關性，后一類試驗的結果通常有助于斷裂控制。 |
| Cavitation damage | 氣蝕損壞 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通過在包含蒸汽和/或氣體的相鄰液體中形成空穴或氣泡并破壞固體表面。 |
| Closed-die forging | 閉模鍛造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一對具有待制造部件的陰模的模具（閉模）內通過壓縮形成工件，多余的金屬在模具相遇處作為飛邊排出。 |
| Median fatigue life | 中位疲勞壽命 |
The middle value when all of the observed fatigue life values of the individual specimens in a group tested under identical conditions are arranged in order of magnitude. When an even number of specimens are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. Use of the sample median rather than the arithmetic mean (that is, the average) is usually preferred. 當在相同條件下測試的一組中單個試樣的所有觀察疲勞壽命值按數量級排列時的中間值。當測試偶數個試樣時，使用兩個中間值的平均值。通常優選使用樣本中值而不是算術平均值（即平均值）。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力計 |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于進行拉伸和壓縮試驗的臺式裝置。 |
| Flange rotation | 法蘭轉角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法蘭在螺栓和反作用力影響下的角度變形。相對于法蘭橫截面的中心測量。 |
| Honing | 珩磨 |
Honing is a controlled, low-speed sizing and surface-finishing process in which stock is removed by the shearing action to the bonded abrasive grains of a honing stone, or stick. Finish polishing of surfaces and cutting edges in which very fine abrasive powders, such as rouge, are employed. Honing is usually applied to cylindrical surfaces and lapping to flat, but the usage is not consistent. 珩磨是一種受控的低速尺寸和表面精加工工藝，其中通過對珩磨石或棒的粘結磨粒的剪切作用去除原料。表面和切削刃的精拋光，其中使用了非常細的研磨粉，例如胭脂。珩磨通常用于圓柱面，研磨至平面，但用法并不一致。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 當處于靜止狀態的受限流體中任何一點的壓力發生變化時，流體體積中的每一點的變化都相等。 |
| R-curve/Resistance curve | 阻力曲線 |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, a plot of crack-extension resistance as a function of stable crack extension, which is either the difference between the physical crack size, or the effective crack size, and the original crack size. R-curves normally depend on specimen thickness and, for some materials, on temperature and strain rate. An increase in fracture toughness with crack propagation shown by rising plots of toughness vs growing crack length. 在線彈性斷裂力學中，作為穩定裂紋擴展函數的裂紋擴展阻力圖，即物理裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸與原始裂紋尺寸之間的差值。R曲線通常取決于試樣厚度，對于某些材料，還取決于溫度和應變率。是隨著裂紋擴展，斷裂韌性增加，表現為韌性與擴展裂紋長度的上升曲線。 |
| Standardization | 標準化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.關于設計、制造、材料、性能、慣例、要求、強度等的國家和國際協議，確保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能產生共同結果。2.部件的制造，以便在裝配新部件或維修舊部件時，無需“裝配”即可實現部件的互換性。 |
| Centre of pressure | 壓力中心 |
1. The location, on an aerofoil or other body that develops lift, of the resultant lift force. 2. The location, on a surface submerged in a liquid, of the resultant force due to the pressure acting on the surface. Because hydrostatic pressure increases with depth, the centre of pressure is generally below the centroid of the surface. 1.在產生升力的機翼或其他物體上，合成升力的位置。2.在浸沒在液體中的表面上，由于作用在表面上的壓力而產生的合力的位置。由于靜水壓力隨深度增加，壓力中心通常低于表面質心。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓應力（單位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通過擰緊在螺栓中產生的軸向拉應力。 |
| Dew point | 壓力露點 |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 氣體開始凝結成液體的溫度和壓力。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氫致延遲開裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有時用于識別一種氫脆形式的術語，其中金屬在小于屈服應力的穩定應力下似乎會自發斷裂。在施加應力（或將受應力金屬暴露于氫）與開裂開始之間通常存在延遲。也稱為靜態疲勞。 |
| Materials selection | 材料選擇 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 為特定應用選擇最合適材料的過程。對于固體材料，它涉及根據其物理特性（密度、彈性模量、斷裂韌性、屈服強度、硬度、抗疲勞性、熱膨脹系數、導熱系數、抗熱沖擊性、抗蠕變性、耐腐蝕性、抗輻射性等）評估候選材料，以及諸如最終產品的功能、其形狀、制造方法、所需公差、制造數量、檢查和質量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的設計方法等因素。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡膠）的一種測量方法，用于測量受拉構件的拉伸或法向應變，定義為給定載荷下的最終長度l與初始或標距長度l0之比，其中坐標軸為主應變軸。它與工程應變e的關系為λ=1+e。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨鑄鐵 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一種鑄鐵，在熔融時用鎂或鈰等元素進行處理，以誘導游離石墨形成為球粒或球晶，從而賦予鑄造金屬可測量的延展性。又稱球墨鑄鐵、球晶石墨鑄鐵和SG鑄鐵。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 聲壓（單位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 聲波傳播引起的壓力與環境壓力的瞬時偏差，可通過空氣中的麥克風和水中的水聽器測量。 |
| Brittle fracture | 脆性斷裂 |
The fracture of a component or structure in the globally-elastic range of loading, so that the broken pieces may be refitted to regain the original article. Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. 部件或結構在全局彈性載荷范圍內的斷裂，以便可以將破碎的碎片重新裝配以恢復原始物品。固體的分離伴隨著很少或沒有宏觀塑性變形。通常，脆性斷裂通過快速裂紋擴展發生，能量消耗比韌性斷裂少。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸線 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程圖上的一條線，上面有一個數字，表示特征的長度，通常以毫米為單位。 |
| Breaking stress | 斷裂應力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效時的應力。也稱為破裂應力。 |
| Fastener specification | 緊固件規格 |
A precise statement of set requirements to be satisfied by a fastener, its material, or its processing. It also indicates the procedure used to determine whether the requirements given are satisfied. 對緊固件、其材料或加工過程要滿足的設定要求的精確陳述。它還指出了用于確定是否滿足給定要求的程序。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齒輪傳動 |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原則上，切向接觸的圓盤之間的摩擦可用于在軸之間傳遞旋轉和動力，但動力水平非常有限，速比受滑動的影響。為了使驅動積極，使用齒輪代替，齒輪中的齒延伸到理想滾動接觸的圓盤直徑（節圓直徑）的上方和下方。該圖顯示了直齒輪的名稱，這是平行軸之間最簡單的齒輪傳動類型，其形狀為圓柱形，直齒平行于旋轉軸。 |
| Fatigue life for p % survival | p%存活率的疲勞壽命 |
An estimate of the fatigue life that p% of the population would attain or exceed at a given stress level. The observed value of the median fatigue life estimates the fatigue life for 50% survival. Fatigue life for p% survival values, where p is any number, such as 95, 90, etc., may also be estimated from the individual fatigue life values. p%存活在給定應力水平下達到或超過的疲勞壽命估計值。中值疲勞壽命的觀察值估計了50%存活率的疲勞壽命。p%存活值的疲勞壽命，其中p為任何數字，如95、90等，也可根據單個疲勞壽命值進行估算。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 熱力學性質 |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 溫度、壓力和定義工作流體狀態的密集屬性：比內能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Forging | 鍛造處理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 將生鋼制成特定形狀的過程。鍛造產品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夾和障礙銷。 1. 一種通過手工或機器錘擊金屬（落鍛、壓力機）制造部件的方法。2.通過鍛造工藝制成的零件。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 熱效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 對于熱機或熱力循環，凈功輸出與系統凈熱輸入的比率。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通過活塞的往復運動、葉片的旋轉或葉輪的旋轉而使液體、氣體、蒸汽或泥漿流動的機器。 |
| Cohesive strength | 內聚強度 |
(Unit Pa) A theoretical fracture strength for solids based on interatomic forces, approximately equal to E/10 where E is Young’s modulus. （單位Pa）基于原子間力的固體理論斷裂強度，大約等于E/10，其中E是楊氏模量。 |
| Dead space | 死區 |
(dead volume) (Unit m3) That volume of a gas-filled thermometer in which the gas is not at the same temperature as that being measured. （死容）（單位m3）充氣溫度計的體積，其中氣體的溫度與被測溫度不同。 |
| Martensitic stainless steels | 馬氏體不銹鋼 |
Martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. They can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. They have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. Uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 馬氏體不銹鋼是一種可硬化的磁性不銹鋼，其鉻含量為9-18%，碳含量為0.06-1.25%，錳、硅、鎳和鉬的總含量通常高達約2.5%。它們可以進行熱處理，使馬氏體成為主要的微組分，通?？稍谕嘶鸹虼慊鸹鼗饤l件下獲得。它們具有優異的強度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蝕性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步槍槍管、蒸汽輪機管道和葉片、噴氣發動機部件、手動工具、機械零件、緊固件、閥門、彈簧、軸承、泵軸、噴嘴、采礦設備和耐磨零件。 |
| Dynamics | 動力學 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力學中研究運動物體的分支。它的兩個主要分支是運動學和動力學，前者研究運動而不考慮其原因，后者也考慮引起運動的力。 |
| Stress cracking | 應力開裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每種模式都涉及高應力和化學作用。該系列包括氫脆、應力腐蝕開裂、應力脆化和氫輔助應力腐蝕。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 壓力（p）（單位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在熱力學和流體力學中，每單位面積流體施加的壓縮力。流體施加在表面上的壓力垂直于表面。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 結構材料塑性變形的證據。也稱為塑性流動或蠕變。 |
| Surface hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produces, by quench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. The processes commonly used are carbonitriding, carburizing, induction hardening, flame hardening, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing. Use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個通用術語，涵蓋適用于僅通過淬火硬化產生比型芯更硬或更耐磨的表面層的合適鐵合金的幾種工藝。表面層的化學成分沒有顯著改變。常用的工藝有碳氮共滲、滲碳、感應淬火、火焰淬火、氮化和氮碳共滲。最好使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| Initial strain | 初始應變 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕變試驗中（蠕變發生之前）達到給定載荷條件后，試樣立即產生的應變。有時稱為瞬時應變。 |
| Verified loading range | 驗證加載范圍 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 對于試驗機，試驗機在規定允許偏差范圍內給出結果的指示載荷范圍。 |
| Combined carbon | 復合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中除游離碳外的部分。 |
| Crosshead | 十字頭 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一種往復式構件，在導軌之間滑動，活塞桿一側固定在其上，連桿另一側固定在該構件上，用于將往復式運動轉換為旋轉運動。2.機械試驗機早期設計中的活動梁。3.一種螺釘頭，其具有采用配合螺絲刀的+形槽。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德羅常數 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol?1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德羅數，NA）一個固定數值為6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常數?摩爾正好包含這個數量的基本實體。對阿伏伽德羅常數值的微小調整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Creep | 蠕變 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物體在重載荷下緩慢的塑性變形，隨時間變化的可塑性，材料在恒定載荷或應力下隨時間變化的永久變形。應變隨時間以隨溫度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕變可能導致大應變和最終失效，從而限制部件在高溫下承受載荷的壽命。當同源溫度超過約0.4℃時，金屬蠕變變得顯著，例如鎢為1200℃，鈦為504℃，鐵為450℃，鋁為100℃。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 頂隙（單位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 對于螺紋和齒輪，螺紋（或齒輪）的頂部與嚙合螺紋（或齒輪）的根部之間的徑向間隙。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺紋 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺紋上相應點之間的間距相對較大的螺紋。 |
| Junker machine | 容克機 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的測試機，用于測試緊固件的抗振性。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺絲攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一種杠桿，其中心有一個可調節的方孔，絲錐柄安裝在該孔中，以便施加扭矩以切斷螺紋。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕銷 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 從曲柄上伸出的一個螺柱，作為連接桿的附件。鍛造合金最初鑄造，然后通過擠壓、鍛造或軋制等工藝成形為最終形狀的金屬合金。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 熱機械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一個通用術語，涵蓋結合受控熱處理和變形處理以獲得特定性能的各種工藝。與熱機械處理相同。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 沖擊強度1.（單位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高應變率條件下導致失效（通過屈服或斷裂）的應力。2.（單位J）有時用于描述在夏比或懸臂梁式沖擊試驗中使樣品斷裂所需的能量，即使單位不是強度單位。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通過適當的處理增加硬度，通常包括加熱和冷卻。適用時，應使用以下更具體的術語：時效硬化、火焰硬化、感應硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Absolute viscosity | 絕對粘度 |
A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other moving with unit velocity. 流體內部剪切特性的量度，表示為兩個水平面中的任何一個上的單位面積切向力，兩個水平面被給定流體的一個單位厚度隔開，其中一個平面固定，另一個以單位速度移動。 |
| Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) | 應力腐蝕開裂（SCC） |
A common form of Stress cracking in which an Electrolyte encourages the growth of a crack in a highly stressed bolt. Only a tiny quantity of electrolyte need be present, at the tip or face of the crack. A time-dependent process in which a metallurgically susceptible material fractures prematurely under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and sustained loading at lower stress levels than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. Tensile stress is required at the metal surface and may be a residual stress resulting from heat treatment or fabrication of the metal or the result of external loading. Cracking may be intergranular or transgranular, depending on the combination of alloy and environment. 一種常見的應力開裂形式，其中電解液促使高應力螺栓中的裂紋擴展。在裂紋尖端或表面，只需存在少量電解質。一種隨時間變化的過程，其中冶金敏感材料在同時腐蝕和持續加載的條件下過早斷裂，其應力水平低于無腐蝕環境時的要求。在金屬表面需要拉應力，拉應力可以是金屬的熱處理或制造或外部負載產生的殘余應力。裂紋可能是沿晶開裂或穿晶開裂，這取決于合金和環境的組合。 |
| Reduction in area (RA) | 縮小面積（RA） |
The difference between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as specified for the material undergoing testing. Also known as reduction of area. 拉伸試樣的原始橫截面積與試驗材料斷裂時或斷裂后的最小面積之間的差值，也稱為減少面積。 |
| Tension joint | 張力接頭 |
A joint which is primarily subjected to loads acting more or less parallel to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少平行于螺栓軸線的載荷的接頭。 |
| Elastic resilience | 彈性回彈 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當應力從彈性極限釋放時可以恢復的能量值。 |
| Allowable stress | 許用應力 |
The maximum stress a designer can assume that the parts will stand. It is always less than the minimum strength of the material. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code typically specifies an allowable stress that is one-quarter of the service temperature yield strength of the material. This introduces a four-to-one safety factor into the design process and is intended to compensate for uncertainties in estimates of strength, service loads, etc. 設計師可以假設零件能夠承受的最大應力。它總是小于材料的最小強度。例如，ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規范通常指定允許應力為材料使用溫度屈服強度的四分之一。這在設計過程中引入了四比一的安全系數，旨在補償強度、服務載荷等估計的不確定性。 |
| Cementation | 膠結 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高溫下通過擴散將一種或多種元素引入金屬物體的外部。 |
| Graham’s laws | 格雷厄姆定律 |
The laws stating that the rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are inversely proportional to the square root of its density. 規定氣體的擴散和滲出速率與其密度的平方根成反比的定律。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 設定壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全閥或安全閥開啟時的壓力，對應于適用于受保護壓力容器的相關規范或標準。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的桿，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如電鉆。 |
| Degree (°) | 度數（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一種度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽壓表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一種壓力表，用于測量管道、鍋爐、汽缸或其他與蒸汽一起工作的裝置中的表壓。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺紋 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 順時針或向右轉動時進入配合部件的螺紋。 |
| Unit | 單位 |
A numerical indication of the magnitude of a physical quantity. The basic units of mass, length, time, etc. are relative to agreed standards. 物理量大小的數字指示。質量、長度、時間等基本單位與商定的標準相對應。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓強度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一個模棱兩可的術語，可表示極限強度或驗證荷載或耐久極限或屈服強度。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進行的熱處理。 |
| Standard deviation (σ) | 標準偏差（σ） |
A statistical term used to quantify the Scatter in a set of data points. If the standard deviation is small, most of the data points are ‘‘nearly equal.’’ A large deviation means less agreement. The most usual measure of the dispersion of observed values or results expressed as the positive square root of the variance. The square root of variance, a measure of the spread of data about the mean value. 用于量化一組數據點中分散度的統計術語。如果標準偏差很小，則大多數數據點“幾乎相等”大的偏差意味著更少的一致性。觀測值或結果離散度的最常用度量，表示為方差的正平方根。方差的平方根，衡量平均值的數據分布。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷卻盤管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一種簡單的熱交換器，由通常由銅或不銹鋼制成的盤管組成，冷卻劑如制冷劑、冷凍水或與乙二醇混合的水通過盤管循環。應用包括空調、工藝冷卻和制冷。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孿晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重結晶過程中晶體中的孿晶形式。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 廢熱回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 從煙道和廢氣中或從工業過程中加熱的液體中回收熱能。回收裝置包括預熱器、回熱器、再生器和余熱鍋爐。 |
| Stainless steels | 不銹鋼 |
Iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. The predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has BCC crystal structure. Corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. Nickel, which has FCC crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. Other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. There are several classes of stainless steel. 在許多環境中具有高度耐腐蝕性的鐵基合金。主要的合金元素是鉻，與室溫下的鐵一樣，鉻具有BCC晶體結構。鈍化抗腐蝕性是通過在鋼表面形成氧化鉻來實現的。具有FCC晶體結構的鎳是某些鋼的另一種重要添加劑。其他用于增強性能的添加劑包括錳、鉬、鈮和鈦。不銹鋼的種類有好幾種。 |
| Wrought iron | 鍛鐵 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一種高韌性（但各向異性）的鐵，含有細長的礦渣纖維，由生鐵中多余的碳燃燒和加工的制造方法產生。屈服強度約為200MPa，抗拉強度為320MPa，50mm標距上的面積縮減率高達35%?，F在被鋼所取代。 |
| Cast steel | 鑄鋼 |
Steel that is cast into shapes. It has superior properties to most cast irons, but is more expensive to produce. 鑄成形狀的鋼。與大多數鑄鐵相比，它具有優越的性能，但生產成本更高。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Sample variance (s2) | 樣本方差（s2） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每個觀測值與樣本平均值之差的平方和除以樣本大小減1。它是總體方差的點估計。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 國際單位制能量單位。一焦耳是一牛頓的力在一米的距離上所做的功。符號為J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Fracture strength | 斷裂強度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （斷裂應力）（單位Pa）材料斷裂時的應力。對于給定的材料，它不是絕對的，因為它取決于斷裂力學定律，并且取決于尺寸。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態，大致對應于冷加工狀態，超過該狀態，材料就不能再通過彎曲形成。在規范中，完全硬質回火通常定義為與完全退火后的特定冷壓下率百分比相對應的最小硬度或最小抗拉強度（或者，硬度或強度范圍）。對于鋁來說，完全硬回火相當于從極軟狀態減少75%；對于奧氏體不銹鋼，減少約50%至55%。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段時效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分為兩個或兩個以上的溫度時效，按順序并在每個步驟后冷卻至室溫。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經淬火產生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時產生細小沉淀的過程，這抑制了位錯運動，扭轉了在較高回火溫度下強度降低的趨勢。 |
| Computer vision | 計算機視覺 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通過計算機對光學圖像/圖案進行數字化和處理，以在制造過程中識別零件、方向等。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 渦輪葉片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃氣、蒸汽或水力渦輪機的轉子和定子的翼型葉片。2.沖擊輪的杯形葉片。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕變模量（單位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 從蠕變測試中獲得的選定應變水平下的應力/應變比，通常隨時間繪制以顯示剛度的變化。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接頭 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由兩個平行懸臂梁壓在梁之間的部件上形成的接頭。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 連續沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanst?tten structure. 來自過飽和固溶體的沉淀，其中沉淀顆粒通過長程擴散生長而無需基質再結晶。連續析出物從在整個基體中或多或少均勻分布的核生長而來。它們通常是隨機取向的，但可能形成魏氏結構。 |
| Torr | 托爾 |
A non-SI unit of pressure commonly used in vacuum systems; defined by 760 torr = 1 atm so that 1 torr = 133.322 368 4 Pa, and approximately equivalent to the pressure corresponding to 1 mm of mercury. 真空系統中常用的非SI壓力單位；由760托=1大氣壓定義，因此1托=133.3223684帕，近似等于對應于1毫米汞柱的壓力。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 轉向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 氣流通過斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨脹風機時所經歷的方向變化。 |
| Starting taper | 起始錐度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 鉸刀或絲錐端部的錐度，有助于開始切割。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂紋尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 從基準面到觀察到的裂紋前沿的距離。該距離可以表示沿裂紋前沿的若干測量的平均值。基準面取決于試樣形狀，通常視為邊界或包含試樣或板的載重線或中心線的平面。 |
| Waste heat | 廢熱 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.內燃機、燃氣輪機、發電機、電氣設備和工業過程產生的熱量，這些熱量不是直接使用的，而是通過熱煙氣或廢氣排放到環境中。2.廢物產生的熱量 |
| Pulley | 帶輪 |
A free or driven wheel on a shaft with an appropriately shaped rim to carry a flat belt, vee belt, notched belt, rope, or chain. Used to transmit power or motion. 軸上的自由輪或從動輪，具有適當形狀的輪緣，以承載平皮帶、V形皮帶、槽口皮帶、繩索或鏈條。用于傳遞動力或運動。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂層 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一種漆，當涂在未加載的車身上時，從車身加載時在漆中產生的裂紋圖案中顯示出最大拉應力的方向。 |
| Milling | 銑削 |
A machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. Milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. Because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一種加工工藝，通常用于金屬和塑料，其中多齒旋轉刀具去除材料以產生平坦或異形表面、槽、槽等。金屬由旋轉多齒刀具去除；主軸每轉一圈，每個齒都會去除少量金屬。因為工件和刀具可以同時在多個方向上移動，所以幾乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| PSI (pounds per square inch) | PSI（磅/平方英寸） |
Pressure measurement. Psia (pounds per square inch absolute) measures actual pressure with no allowance for atmospheric pressure. Psig (pounds per square inch gauge) measures pressure with the gauge set to zero (0) at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia). In other words psig = psia – 14.7. 壓力測量。Psia（絕對磅/平方英寸）測量實際壓力，不考慮大氣壓力。Psig（磅/平方英寸表壓）在大氣壓（14.7 psia）下，將表壓設置為零（0）時測量壓力。換句話說，psig=psia–14.7。 |
| Tensile stress (Unit Pa) | 拉應力（單位Pa） |
A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart. A stress that tends to stretch a component, or local region of a component, when under load. In simple tension it results from the applied axial load, but tensile stresses occur in bending, torsion and other forms of loading. 一種應力，使彈性體的兩個部分在典型應力平面的任一側分離。在負載下，傾向于拉伸部件或部件局部區域的應力。在簡單拉伸中，它由施加的軸向載荷產生，但拉伸應力發生在彎曲、扭轉和其他形式的載荷中。 |
| Turboblower | 渦輪鼓風機 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 離心式或軸流式壓縮機或風扇。 |
| Temper color | 回火顏色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一種薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮，當鋼在低溫或短時間內在空氣或輕度氧化氣氛中回火時形成。顏色范圍從稻草色到藍色，取決于氧化皮的厚度，隨回火時間和溫度而變化。 |
| Profilometer | 輪廓儀 |
An instrument used to quantify the roughness of a surface. For a contact profilometer, a diamond stylus sweeps across the surface along a series of parallel lines. Noncontact profilometers use optical techniques to map the surface irregularities. 用于量化表面粗糙度的儀器。對于接觸式輪廓儀，鉆石觸針沿一系列平行線掃過表面。非接觸式輪廓儀使用光學技術繪制表面不規則。 |
| Ideal critical diameter | 理想臨界直徑 |
(DI). Under an ideal quench condition, the bar diameter that has 50% martensite at the center of the bar when the surface is cooled at an infinitely rapid rate (that is, when H = ∞, where H is the quench severity factor). （DI）在理想淬火條件下，當表面以無限快的速度冷卻時（即H=∞, 其中H是淬火嚴重度因子）。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認為是均勻的條件下生產的一定數量的某些產品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | 鍋爐和壓力容器規范 |
A large and complex document, maintained and published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The code 一份龐大而復雜的文件，由美國機械工程師協會出版和維護。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比熱容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 將1千克物質的溫度升高1K所需的熱量。單位為J/（kg K）。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶體形成的結晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基體晶格之間的連續性，通常伴隨著兩個晶格中的一些應變。由于晶格適合于沉淀和基體之間的界面，因此不存在可識別的相邊界。 |
| Joint | 關節接合處 |
The part of a robot arm permitting either rotational or translational motion. Each joint provides a single degree of freedom, and thus a minimum of six is required if the robot is to be able to position and orientate the end effector anywhere within the workspace. A joint is described by four parameters: the joint angle, joint offset, joint twist, and link length. The joint angle is the angle between an extrapolation of the previous link length and the present link length, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the joint axis. This is variable in a rotational joint and fixed in a translational joint. The joint offset is the distance between the link length for the previous link and that for the present link, measured along the joint axis. This is variable for a translational joint and fixed for a rotational joint. The joint twist for the nth joint is the angle between the axes of joints Jn?and Jn+1, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the link length and viewed from the position of the Jn+1?joint. The link length is the mutually perpendicular distance between planes passing through the axes of joint Jn?and Jn+1. Both the joint twist and link length are fixed in all joints. 機器人手臂上允許旋轉或平移運動的部分。每個接合處都有自由度，如果機器人要能夠在工作空間內的任何位置定位和定向末端執行器，則至少需要六個接合處具有自由度。關節接合處由四個參數描述：關節角度、關節偏移、關節扭曲和鏈接長度。關節角度是在垂直于關節軸的平面內逆時針測量的先前連桿長度和當前連桿長度的外推之間的角度。這在旋轉關節中是可變的，在平移關節中是固定的。關節偏移是沿關節軸測量的前一個連桿和當前連桿的連桿長度之間的距離。這對于平移關節是可變的，對于旋轉關節是固定的。第n個關節的關節扭曲是關節Jn和Jn+1軸之間的角度，在垂直于連桿長度的平面內逆時針測量，從Jn+2關節的位置觀察。連桿長度是穿過關節軸Jn和Jn+1的平面之間相互垂直的距離。關節扭曲和連桿長度在所有關節中都是固定的。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 結晶斷裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金屬斷裂面上明亮反射的晶面圖案，由許多單個晶體的解理斷裂產生。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸穩定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或鑄造時的精確形狀的能力。 |
| Materials science | 材料科學 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金屬、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、復合材料、生物材料和半導體等固體物質的特性、行為和應用，涵蓋從原子到宏觀的所有范圍。起源于冶金學。 |
| Sample median | 樣本中間值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 當樣本中的所有觀測值按數量級排列時的中間值。如果測試的樣本數為偶數，則使用兩個中間值的平均值。這是人口中位數的一個點估計值，或50%的點。 |
| Lubricant | 潤滑劑 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 為了減少兩個表面之間的摩擦或磨損而置于兩個表面間的任何物質。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨機 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一種用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨機，由裝有松散鋼球或陶瓷球的水平旋轉滾筒組成。 |
| Atmometer | 氣壓計 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) An instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （濕度計，蒸發計）測量水從表面蒸發到大氣中的速率的儀器。 |
| Barcol hardness test | 巴氏硬度測試 |
An indentation test, similar to the Shore hardness test but using a pointed indentor with a flat tip, used to determine the hardness of such materials as rigid plastics and composites. 一種壓痕測試，類似于肖氏硬度測試，但使用帶有扁平尖端的尖頭壓頭，用于確定硬質塑料和復合材料等材料的硬度。 |
| Standard fit | 標準匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根據標準間隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均勻滲碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用滲碳工藝將低碳鐵合金轉化為整個截面中碳含量均勻且較高的合金。 |
| Latent heat | 潛熱 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物質發生相變時吸收或釋放的熱能。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性質隨時間的減少。 |
| Air compressor | 空氣壓縮機 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一種渦輪機，它吸入空氣并以更高的壓力、溫度和密度輸送空氣。它可以是軸流式、風扇式、往復式或旋轉式設計。 |
| Stator | 定子 |
A ring of non-rotating blades or nozzles in a compressor, turbine, or other turbomachine, which directs fluid flow into an adjacent rotor. 渦輪壓縮機、渦輪或其他渦輪機械中的一圈不旋轉的葉片或噴嘴，將流體引導到相鄰的轉子中。 |
| mechanical engineering | 機械工業 |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 與能量轉換、應力分析、振動、動力學和運動學有關的工程分支，尤其適用于設計（機器設計、機械工程設計）。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.機器、齒輪系等的輸入速度與輸出速度之間的比率。2.在機構的一個部分處施加的力的位移與在不同部分處的載荷的移動之間的比率。 |
| Extra spring | 額外彈簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態，大約對應于高于全硬的冷加工狀態，超過該狀態進一步冷加工將不會顯著增加強度和硬度。 |
| Chain | 鏈 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列連接的鏈接，通常是鋼制的。對于提升、拉動、固定等，每個鏈節都是一個閉合環，通常呈環形。對于動力傳輸，鏈節設計為與鏈輪的齒嚙合。與皮帶傳動相比，鏈傳動往往用于高扭矩應用。 |
| Crystalline defects | 結晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 與完美的三維原子堆積的偏差是造成材料的大部分結構敏感特性的原因。晶體缺陷可以是點缺陷（位錯）或表面缺陷（空位）、線缺陷（位錯）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Maraging steels | 馬氏體時效鋼 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘aging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“馬氏體”和“時效”命名的超高強度鐵合金。它們含有鎳、鉻、鈷和鉬，在空氣冷卻下形成強度約為1GPa的馬氏體。當再加熱至約500°C并老化數小時時，室溫強度達到約2.4GPa。 |
| Sigma phase | σ相 |
A hard, brittle, nonmagnetic intermediate phase with a tetragonal crystal structure, containing 30 atoms per unit cell, space group P42/mnm, occurring in many binary and ternary alloys of the transition elements. The composition of this phase in the various systems is not the same, and the phase usually exhibits a wide range in homogeneity. Alloying with a third transition element usually enlarges the field of homogeneity and extends it deep into the ternary section. 一種硬、脆、非磁性中間相，具有四方晶體結構，每單位晶胞含有30個原子，空間群P42/mnm，存在于許多過渡元素的二元和三元合金中。該相在各種系統中的組成不盡相同，并且該相通常表現出寬范圍的均勻性。與第三過渡元素的合金化通常會擴大均勻性范圍，并將其延伸到三元區。 |
| Gear ratio | 傳動比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 對于接觸的兩個齒輪，主動齒輪上的齒數與從動齒輪上的齒數之比。 |
| Compressor bleed | 壓縮機排氣 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于設計速度運行的多級壓縮機的末級之前去除空氣，以防止末級阻塞。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭轉角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭轉角）（單位°或弧度）相對于選定截面的角度，垂直于扭轉軸，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩時通過該角度旋轉。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對于聚光太陽能集熱器，集中器面向太陽光束的投影面積與接收器的實際面積之比。 |
| Fastener identification marking | 緊固件識別標記 |
A stamp, paint, or other permanent identifier that may include manufacturer information and applicable grade markings for certification purposes. 印章、油漆或其他永久性標識符，其中可能包括制造商信息和用于認證的適用等級標記。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封參數 |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一種無量綱參數，將墊圈的質量泄漏定義為所含壓力和所含流體常數的函數。 |
| Temperature factor | 溫度系數 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓應力或應變超聲波測量的校準常數。說明了熱膨脹和溫度引起的聲速變化的影響。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 臨界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火處理，包括加熱至并保持在上臨界溫度和下臨界溫度之間的溫度，以獲得部分奧氏體化，然后緩慢冷卻或保持在低于下臨界溫度的溫度。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或產生或消耗能量的速度。功率單位為瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Actual value | 實際價值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控設備的輸出，即受控變量?？刂葡到y不能直接訪問，因為它只能由可能會扭曲測量結果的傳感器測量。 |
| Gearbox | 變速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一種由嚙合齒輪組成的機構，將動力和扭矩從直接連接到發動機的輸入軸傳遞到輸出軸。該機構通常包含在充滿潤滑油的外殼內。示例一個簡單的四速滑動嚙合齒輪箱，其中具有不同齒數的齒輪沿著齒輪箱內的平行花鍵軸滑動，以相互嚙合并改變輸出與輸入速度的比率（齒輪比）。 |
| Liquid carburizing | 液體滲碳 |
Surface hardening of steel by immersion into a molten bath consisting of cyanides and other salts. 通過浸入由氰化物和其他鹽組成的熔池中對鋼進行表面硬化。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規定的硬度或抗拉強度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循環的中位疲勞強度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估計50%的量在N個周期內生存的壓力水平。該估計值來自疲勞壽命分布的一個特定點，因為沒有試驗程序可以直接觀察N次循環疲勞強度的頻率分布。 |
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